Shearing tool



April13,1948. R. G. 'FEAR 2,439,422

SHEARING TOOL Filed Oct. 25, 1945 /v VEN TOR Fog THE F/M Trage/[5v5 HWECH, Fos TERg/ARR/.S'

Patented Apr. 13, 1948 NITED STATES PATENT GFFICE SHEARING TOOL Ralph Gordon Fear, Reseda, Calif. Application October 25, 1943, Serial No. 507,533

9 Claims. (Cl.l 29-95.1)

My invention relates to a shearing tool, and, since it was rst incorporated in reamers, breaches, and milling cutters, such embodiments of my invention are hereinafter described in detail, and the objects and advantages of my invention incorporated in such embodiments are herein set forth so that those skilled in the art may readily incorporate my invention in other embodiments.

Among the objects of my invention are the provision of a shearing tool in which the cutting edges are so formed as to remove material from an article by a true shearing action as contrasted with the pressural scraping or wiping of the metal from the Work as performed by con-` ventional milling cutters, reamers, and broaches;`

the provision of a tool which will form a perrfectly round, smooth, and true surface without gouging, biting or tearing the surface `of the work; the provision of a tool in which the cutting edge may be simply and inexpensively formed :from a strip of metal such as tool steel of conventional or regular cross-sectional outline such as a square outline; the provisionof such a tool which may be sharpened in a lathe by rotating the tool and maintaining an abrasive stone against the cutting surface; the provision of such a tool having a cutting edge substantially greater than that possessed by conventional tools of this type whereby the life of the tool is materially increased; the provision Vof such a shearing tool having means for removing the metal cut from the work whereby compressive deformation of the metal and galling due to the passage of the out metal particles between the cutting edges and the surface of the Work is avoided; the provision of a tool in which the cutting edge may beexpanded in order to compensate for wear while retaining an effective pilot portion for guiding the tool in the Work; the provision of a tool such as described having lands and cutting edges diametrically opposed so that the'diameter of the tool can be readily determined :by the workman with the use of a micrometer; the provision `of a shearing tool in Which means is provided for indicating to the workman the exactdegree of expansion of the tool secured for each increment of its adjustment so that the workman after determining the diameter ofthe tool With a micrometer is enabled to quickly and accurately adjust the tool to the desired diameter; and the provision of a shearing tool of the character described in which the quantity of tool steel required is very materially reduced as compared with the tool steel required for cutting tools of conventional construction.

Embodiments of my invention capable of performing the foregoing objects and providing such advantages are described in the following specification, which may be better understood by reference to the accompanying drawing.

In the drawing, which is for illustrative purposes only,

Fig. 1 is a. side elevational View partially sectioned illustrating my invention embodied in a reamer;

Fig. 2 is a side elevational view partially sectioned of another embodiment of my invention;

Fig. 3 is a sectional `view illustrating another form of my invention as it performs its cutting operation;

Fig.`4 is a side elevational view of the sleeve employed in the construction illustrated in Fig. 3;

Fig. 5 is a transverse sectional View' taken as indicated by the line 5-5 of Fig. 4;

Fig. 6 is a side elevational view partially sectioned of my invention embodied in-a milling cutter;

Fig. 7 is a fragmentary side elevational View of my invention embodied in a broach;

Fig. 8 is a transverse'sectional view of one form of cuttingmember employed in accordance with my invention: n

Fig. 9 is a transverse sectional View of another form of such cutting member; and n Fig. 10 is a transverse sectional view of a reamer of conventional construction during its cutting operation.

Referring to the drawing which is for illustrative purposes only, the numeral Il of Fig. 1 indicates a tool body. The tool body II includes an arbor I2 a threaded portion I3 at its outer end, an intermediate threadedV portion I4 adjacent the inner' end` of the arbor l2, and a shank I 2a, adapted [for reception in a chuck of a conventional actuating device for rotating the reamer. The arbor I2'` is `provided with a forwardly'tapering portion which may extend over only the forward part of the arbor I2 with the remainder of the arbor cylindrical in form or which may extend throughout the entire length of the arbor, as illustrated in Fig. 1.

Wound around the arbor I2 is a cutting member I5. Any desired number of the cutting members may be employed and spirally wound around the arbor I2 to provide any desired multiple threads. As illustrated in Fig. 1, two cutting members I5 are employed providing upon the arbor I2 a double thread. x Aslillustrated in Fig. 8

the desired Value, for example, of the order of 113 with that side I3 of the strip opposite. the side constituting the iront tooth face I1: The ends of the cutting members I5,Abeing formed so that they are in a plane normal to the axis of the tool body I'I when they"arepositionedupon the arbor I2, the two cutting members are then wound upon the arbor I2 in alternating relationship.

The numerals Zilfand 2I`ind`dat.'forv.ard and rearwardretaining members., or` sleeves, respectively,.which are threaded'iupontlie, outer4 and intermediate, threaded.. portions I .3 f and I4" ofthe tool body II, against. the. forwardfandrearward ends of the cutting'. members. I5; respectively. The cutting .members. I5. are thus seouredlupon the Yarbor I2 against longitudinal inoveinentr'elative toy the .tool body. II.`

The cutting.. edge. 2.21ct, eachlof the cutting. members |5`m'ay be sharpened either only at the forward portionof. each ofthe cutting. members or throughout. the. entire;lengthl of 'the cutting. members.. If, only.` the cutting', edge 22 over 'the forward portionlof Leach of nthe. .cutting members I'is sharpened,` theintersectin of 'the' land I6" and front tooth face.. I1 of ,theremainder of "each of the. cutting.,mcmbersperfrmsthe dual function of a.. DilOt"for guidirrrg.,.they tool vin the "work" and burnishing the .surface of -'the worky which. has been` cut by yth'e sharpened "cutting edges 22T When it is desiredto` expandthe .effective drame eter of the cutting members Itforv any .reason as, for example, because ,the cuttingedgesl? thereof have. become. Wormitj is' y necessary. onlyA t advance .the 1 forward `andrearward "sleeves .29" and 2I respectively, upon the ''fhlded .portions Isand Ittoward the shank 12u, whereupon the cutting members I are advanced"'upon the. tapered arbor I2andthe .effectiye diameter of" the cutting edges 22":thereof therebyincreased.' If desired' the. forwardfportion.; of the..arbr. I2 may-be provided "witha taper oflgl'eate'r degree than .the remainder ofthe arbor, and; when desired; this forward portion of. the arbor. Withthe. greater taper, maybe ,made Yofsuch..dimensior'is. that the` cuttingV edgQS.. 2.2.. of .'th'e cutting.y members I Edisposed thereon...perform,no. cutting op.,- eration until theyare vadyanced upon tliat..portin.. of the arbor I2'rearwardly,thereofjandfof lesser. taper. y l

Thepitch. of ,thewthiieads' upon thefthreaded. portions V I 3 'and I .4 .andlwithin the sleeves` 20.;-and 2 I' maybe. so.v relatedgtothe..degreebt 'taper...of the tapered porti() 'thearbr.. I2"thatjeach complete,revolutionbfgtheslee e211. .and .2I rela.- tive to the tool '.body ZI I 'Jc'ausfe .expansiomof the effeotivef diameter. of thecuting edges v. 22 of the cutting members-.ISOL thed'e'sired value.

It willbenotedthat thecuttingedges and the.- landsI 6 ofthecuttingrmembers are diametricallyY disposed of the tool bodyfIIwhen .the cuttingl members. areassembled thereon.. The workman .v is thus enabled toaccuratelyadetermine .the di.-A

ameter of `the 'cutting edges by use of a micrometer and to quickly and accurately increase this effective diameter to the desired Value by rotating the sleeves 2Q and 2| that number of turns representative of the increment of diameter increase desired. To facilitate the rotation Y of the sleeves 20 and 2|, they may be provided with oppositely disposed iiat surfaces. The shank I2a may likewise be provided with flat surfaces I.2btoffa.cilitate the retentionzof the shank I2a in a chuck' of conventional, construction.

In the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 2, the parts corresponding to those illustrated in Fig. l and hereinbefore described are given similar numbers. This construction is similar to that illustrated-inFig. 1 except that only one of the cutting members I5 is employed, this cutting member being wound'` upon the arbor in the form oa. single thread. The numeral 23 indicates a spacing member which is wound upon the arbor I2 With the cutting member I5 so that they are in alternating' relationship; The'spa'cing'. member"23"may be forrned'-of"a strip' of metal rectan"- gularin'crosssection and need'A not be formedof' vtool steel;

In this"for1rr ofmy invention there' is provided upon the rearwardv sleeve 2l an4 indicator' which" extends rearwardly of the" sleeve 2 I` into' proximity with"a scale2 Siform'ed-iup'orr tiie'sha-n'k;

IZa. adjacent theA intermediate threaded por; tion I'Iofthe' tool body I I; The' scale indicates the desired units; for-example; .Gter-.S601 ofVl aninch'; the'increment'sin' variation ofthe 'efe fective` diameter' of the cuttingfedge` 22 corres;

.. is'p'ositioned'around the arbor'IZ inthe forml of a'- single thread.'-

andlprovidedlwitha=threaddportiorr 2 9 fadjacent thearbor 121e' The-arbore 21 is"--tapered forwardly andprovided atits -frwardiend-'witl'fa threaded portion 3U`=for Athereception foffal forwardf'retainingmember"@sleeve-35i;- 'Ihel-numeral 32ir`1dfi-u cates.ani-arbor.sleeve-havinga rearwardly flaredY bore 33',- this bore beingfaredwith'substantially thersamedegree as the degree''of taper of the sleeve 32.srprovidedewith"aplurality:loflslotssexe tendingifromxeachcend :ofxthecsleeve .to axradial L cylindrical-fopeningf-s3 Inthe zemb'cdimentillu's.; trat'edcnIl the; 1 drawingcthe; sleeve 432 is provided;`

with `:fourfslots indicatedi' by.the.;numeral;y 35 vex-v tendingg-inwa-rdly "off" the-sleeveh from.. each:;. end:

thereof:y

portion: 2.9 ,cfrfzthefrshank :28 Tand the'.s1eevef.isfre.+

tained; in: thisfposition'f.by;the `.'fi'irvvard retaining. member-'Lor sleeverf fwhicht is-.threadedzv uponl-athef end,- threadedvpprtionamof .the iarbor: 21: against the forward .endy of the:slejevefSZ-.H-4 A cutting meme ber-f3.1 fanfdaacf spacinggmember.- :3.3fsimilartofthe cuttir-igimember.r I 5 fand spacing; member .23 previ-f ously described are positioned upon the sleeve 32 so that the cutting edge v39 of the cutting member 31 is in the form of a single-thread.` The cutting member 31 and the spacing member 38 may be wound in this manner upon the arbor sleeve 32 before the sleeve is installed upon the arbor 21, this form of my invention `offering the advantage of permitting the assembly -of arbor sleeve, cutting member, and spacing member to be sold and installed as a unit. Threaded upon the rearward end of the shank 28 is a connecting member 4U formed for reception in a conventional chuck of the usual tool actuating device.

When it is desired to increase the effective di ameter of the construction .of Fig-3, either because of wear of the cutting edge 39` or for any other reason, it is necessary only for the work-1 man to rotate the rearward sleeve 36 in a manner to move it rearwardly upon the threaded portion 29 of the shank 28 and thereafter to advance the forward sleeve 3| upon the end threaded portion 30 of the arbor 21. This causes the arbor sleeve 32 to be moved rearwardly upon the arbor 21, thus expanding the sleeve 32 and increasing the effective diameter of the cutting edge 39 of the cutting member 31. It will be apparent that the amount of high-speed steel required for the manufacture of the tool illustrated in Fig. 3 is substantially less than that required for the manufacture of tools of such character heretofore employed, since only the cutting member 31 need be made from such steel. i

Illustrated in Fig. 6 is an embodiment of my invention adapted for use as a milling cutter and for installation upon and rotation by a drive shaft lli. An arbor A42 having a cylindrical bore 43 is mounted upon the shaft 4| and prevented from rotating relative thereto by a key 43 received in a way 44 in the arbor 42 and a way 45` formed in the shaft 4|. The arbor 42 is restrained against movement longitudinally of the shaft 4| by sleeves llil and 48 secured in any suitable manner to theshaft and abutting the ends of the arbor 42.

rIhe arbor 42 includes a threaded portion 49 adjacent each end thereof and an intermediate tapered portion 50 upon which there is positioned an arbor sleeve 5|. The arbor sleeve 5| is provided with a rearwardly flared bore, the flared bore corresponding to the degree of taper of the tapered portion 50 of the arbor 42 as in the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 3 and previously described. The arbor sleeve 5| is provided with a plurality of slots 52, some of which extend inwardly of the arbor sleeve from each end thereof and each of which terminates in a radial cylindrical opening 53 formed in the arbor sleeve 5|. The .outer surface of the arbor sleeve `5| is preferably cylindrical in form and a plurality of cutting members or a single cutting member is spirally wound thereon. In the form illustrated in Fig. 6, four of cutting members 54 are employed presenting a quadruple thread around the arbor sleeve 5I. The arbor sleeve 5|,` together with the cutting members 54 thereomis held in the desired position upon the tapered portion 50 of the arbor 42 by lock nuts 55 and 56 threaded upon the threaded portions 49 of the arbor 42 against the ends of the arbor sleeve 5|. Each of the lock nuts 55 and 56 is provided with suitable openings 51 for the reception of a tool adapted for rotating them upon the arbor 42.

The cutting member 54 in this embodiment of my invention may be formed from high-speed steel in a strip substantially square in cross section as in the embodiment previously described or may,

6 if desired, be formedin somewhat different shape; as illustrated in Fig. .9. Thus, the cuttingI member 54 mayinclude a land 58 and upper tooth back 53 similar to the land I6 and tooth back i8 of the form illustrated in Fig. 8. The cutting member 54 may be provided with a tooth face 60 formed with an angle of, rake and an engaging toothback 6| parallel thereto. The numeral 62 indicates an arcuate lower tooth back cooperating with the face 60 of an adjacent cutting member' 54 to prow'de a ute.

In this embodiment of my invention as in those previously described, the effective diameter of the cutting edge 63 at the intersection of the land 56 and thetooth face 60 may be increased to compensate for wear or for any other reason by rotating thelocking nuts 55 and 55 in such a manner as to advance the arbor sleeve 5| upon the tapered portion 50 of the arbor 42.

My invention may be embodied not only in rotary reamers and'milling cutters, but also in reamers of the pull or push broach type. As illustrated in Fig. '1, my invention when embodied in a broach contemplates the spreading of a connecting member 64 into a sleeve 65 similar in construction to and secured to the arbor in a manner like that described with regard to the sleeve 20 in the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 1. The connecting member is formed of suitable shape for reception in an actuating device adapted to pull or push the tool, such for example as a cylindrical shank having an arcuate seat 66 therein..

In all of the embodiments of my invention previously described, the flutes between adjacent cutting edgesare made of sufficient depth to receive the material cut from the work and are so formed as to feed the cut `metal forwardly of the hole in the work by the rotation of the tool so that the cut metal `is effectively removed from proximity to the cut surface, thus eliminating all danger of its passage between the lands or the cutting edges andthe surface of the work and thus preventing the galling or! scratching of the cut` surface. Likewise, in-all of the embodiments of my invention described,`only the forward portion of the cutting edges need be initially sharpened, thus prolonging the life 0f the tool by permitting additional portions spaced rearwardly of the tool bodies to be successivelyground as the previously sharpened portions become Worn. Likewise, the unsharpened cutting edges may be made of a diameter slightly greater than the sharpened cutting edges at the forward portion of the tool so that in one'operation of the tool the work may be cut to exactly the desired form and dimension and then burnished. A

In accordance with my invention the cutting edges of the cutting members are so formed as to make an acute angle with the intersecting plane which is normal to the axis of the tool body. By forming the tool so that this angle is small the cutting edges and the tool body are subjected during the cutting operation to compression stresses which are substantially circumferential of the tool body instead of axially thereof, and the cutting edgesare caused to exert upon the work with which they are in contact a true shearing or peeling action removing a layer of material, such as metal, from the work with a minimum energy and leaving the cut surface smooth. Such a shearing or peeling action is radicallydiierent from the action of a conventional reamerhaving its cutting edges at an angle of approximately this action constituting apressural scraping orwiping action removing `a. layer` of material `from the` work by` arbor to vary the diameter thereof so as to vary the diameter of said cutting edge.

7. In a cutting tool of the character described, the combination of: a tool body having a tapered arbor; an expansible sleeve on said arbor, said sleeve being movable longitudinally of said arbor to expand or contract said sleeve so as to vary the diameter thereof; a continuous helical cutter Wound around said sleeve, said cutter having a cutting edge thereon; adjusting means on said tool body for retaining said sleeve on said arbor and for moving it longitudinally of said arbor to vary the diameter thereof so as to vary the diameter of said cutting edge; and means on said tool body and said adjusting means for indicating the diameter of said cutting edge.

8. In a cutting tool of the character described,

the combination of: a tool body having a tapered arbor; an expansible sleeve on said arbor, said said sleeve being movable longitudinally of said arbor to expand or contract said sleeve so as to vary the diameter thereof; a helical cutter having a cutting edge thereon and having a plurality of spaced convolutions which are wound around said sleeve; a helical spacer having a plurality of convolutions which are wound around said sleeve and each of which is interposed between adjacent of said convolutions of said helical cutter; and adjusting means on said tool body for retaining said sleeve on said arbor and for moving it longitudinally thereof to vary the diameter of said sleeve so as to vary the diameter of said cutting edge.

9. In a cutting tool of the character described, the combination of: a tool body havingaJ tapered arbor; an expansible sleeve on said arbor, said sleeve being movable longitudinally of said arbor to expand or contract said sleeve so as to vary the diameter thereof; a helical cutter having a cutting edge thereon and having a plurality of spaced convolutions which are wound around said sleeve; a helical spacer having a plurality of convolutions which are Wound around said sleeve and each of which is interposed between adjacent of said convolutions of said helical cutter; adjusting means on said tool body for retaining said sleeve on said arbor and for moving it longitudinally thereof to vary the diameter of said sleeve so as to vary the diameter of said cutting edge; and means on said tool body and said adjusting means for indicating the diameter of said cutting edge.

RALPH GORDON FEAR.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the le of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 751,506 Hatfield 'Feb. 9, 1904 817,451 Simmons Apr. 10, 1906 848,113 Matthews Mar. 26, 1907 1,266,538 Alexander May 14, 1918 1,321,243 Pettersen et al. Nov.. 11, 1919 1,339,657 LaPointe May 11, 1920 1,359,541 Smith Nov. 23, 1920 1,415,578 Knoop May 9, 1922 1,485,652 Wakefield et al. Mar. 4, 1924 1,593,955 Schmittner July 27, 1926 1,692,977 DeVoe et al. Nov. 27, 1928 1,724,699 LaPointe Aug. 13, 1929 1,752,653 Ridler Apr. 1, 1930 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 146,049 Great Britain June 8, 1920 480,721 Germany Aug. 7, 1929 547,347 France Dec. 7, 1922 

